Yes the West is evil, but please, but please,but please East:
LEARN WHAT THE REST OF THE WORLD DID WRONG!
AND DO IT RIGHT, RIGHT FROM THE START!
SOLAR PANELS INSTEAD OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS! WIND AND (SEA?)WATER GENERATORS INSTEAD OF COAL POWER PLANTS! CLEAN AIR AND HAPPY CHILDREN, INSTEAD OF SMOG AND CANCER!
don’t know about you guys and girls… but to me the weather seems to be more and more „extreme“.
meaning: hotter, cooler, faster and more extreme changes in temperature, stronger winds, hotter summers, longer winters… seasons are one-two months „off“ (lagging behind, please put christmas on the 25th of February)
you might have heard of it… there is WATER ON THE MARS! 😀 (but it’s frozen at the poles)
YES!!! And river deltas like the grand canyon! 🙂
… what happened to the atmosphere of mars? (95% carbon dioxide (CO2))
„Yes the people of China and India are now producing huge, unsupportable levels of CO2. But yes the 2.4 BILLION chines have also the right of a higher standard of living… and driving. (not horses… TRUCKS! CARS! VANS!)
Yes the West is evil, but please, but please,but please East:
LEARN WHAT THE REST OF THE WORLD DID WRONG!
AND DO IT RIGHT, RIGHT FROM THE START!
SOLAR PANELS INSTEAD OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS! WIND AND (SEA?)WATER GENERATORS INSTEAD OF COAL POWER PLANTS! CLEAN AIR AND HAPPY CHILDREN, INSTEAD OF SMOG AND CANCER!
Something must be done and soon. But we must look at our own backyard first. It’s unlikely that the developed nations will ever reduce their standard of living to equal the remaining people of the world. We must however, start the equalization process. Technology can help us reduce our footprint, but can not get us there on it’s own. We must reduce our consumption!
Your thoughts…“
PER CAPITA:
TOTAL:
Trends in global co2 emissions
2012 Report Jos G.J. Olivier, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jeroen A.H.W. Peters
source: http://greenterrafirma.com/wordpress/emissions-per-person-not-per-nation/
interesting facts: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s10.htm
„The fact that Mars had sustained liquid water in the past tells us that the early Martian atmosphere was thicker and the surface was warmer from the greenhouse effect a few billion years ago. Some of the topics for follow-up research are: how long was there liquid water present on the surface; when did the liquid water disappear from the surface; how widespread was the liquid water; how much liquid water was there; and were there repeated episodes of liquid water appearing and then disappearing.
Life may have started there so current explorations of Mars are focussing on finding signs of ancient, long-dead life. Any lifeforms living now would have to be living below the surface to prevent exposure from the harsh ultraviolet light of the Sun. Mars has no protective ozone layer, so all of the ultraviolet light reaching Mars can make it to the surface. The Viking landers that landed in 1976 conducted experiments looking for biological activity, past or present, in the soil but found the soil to be sterile with no organic matter (in the top several centimeters at least). The soil is more chemically reactive than terrestrial soil from the action of the harsh ultraviolet light. More recently, the Phoenix mission described below in the „Ice on Mars“ section may have found another reason for the lack of organic matter in the soil: perchlorate in the soil would break down any organic compounds that would have been in the soil when the soil was heated up during the Viking experiments. In any case, Mars appears to have undergone significant global change. What changed Mars into the cold desert of today?“
Atmosphere Escape
There are several ways for Mars to have lost its atmosphere:
- (1)
- Mars‘ low gravity let the atmosphere leak away into space;
- (2)
- A lot of impacts of asteroids blasted part of the atmosphere away. Such large impacts occurred very frequently in the early solar system several billion years ago. The energy of the impacts could have been enough to push the gas away from a planet with small gravity.
- (3)
- Mars had a reverse greenhouse effect, called a runaway refrigerator, occur. Since Mars was slightly further from Sun than the Earth, Mars‘ initial temperature was lower. This meant that the water vapor condensed to form a liquid water layer on the surface. Gaseous carbon dioxide dissolves in liquid water and can then be chemically combined with rocks. This would have happened on Mars long ago. The removal of some of the carbon dioxide caused a temperature drop from the reduced greenhouse effect. This caused more water vapor to condense, leading to more removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide and more cooling, etc. This positive feedback process is called a runaway refrigerator and is described in the first two panels on the left of the figure below. This runaway process occurred probably a billion years ago, so Mars has been cold for a long time. Mars‘ water is now frozen in a permafrost layer below the surface and the atmosphere is very thin. Mars has undergone several dramatic climate swings, so it may have undergone a warming and cooling several times in its past with the latest cooling possibly being more recently than a billion years ago. Mars is unfortunately too small to retain enough internal heat to drive something like plate tectonics. As explained in the Earth section, plate tectonics plays a key role in regulating a planet’s climate, so the planet avoids becoming either a hot Venus or a cold Mars.
The runaway refrigerator is described in a flowchart on the Earth-Venus-Mars page. The flowchart up to the last dashed arrow occurred a LONG time ago. The box at the end describes the current state: frozen water and carbon dioxide below the surface and a very thin atmosphere.The runaway refrigerator theory recently received further support when the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found places where deposits of iron and calcium carbonates had been uncovered at large impact sites great distances apart from each other. These types of carbonates form most easily in the presence of large quantities of liquid water and fit the runaway refrigerator idea of atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolving in bodies of liquid water. The carbonate layers are buried under a few miles (about 5 kilometers) of younger rocks, including volcanic flows, similar to what Spirit found when exploring Gusev crater. At Gusev Crater, Spirit had to climb the hills near where it landed to find the older minerals that formed in the presence of liquid water sticking above the surrounding crater floor covered in lava flows (see „Panel 1“ of the „Follow the Water“ forum). Large impacts are able to uncover the deeper carbonate layers, so MRO will explore other large impact craters closely to see how widespread the buried carbonate layers are. - (4)
- The atmosphere was slowly eaten away by the solar wind that is able to directly reach the upper atmosphere because Mars does not have a magnetic field. The fast-moving solar wind particles hit the upper atmosphere particles with such force to kick them to speeds faster than the escape velocity. See a video from the MAVEN site illustrating this process.
- (5)
- A combination of these effects. The NASA MAVEN mission scheduled to launch at the end of 2013 will investigate how and how fast Mars‘ atmosphere is leaking away now and hopefully, provide the information we need to figure out what happened in the past. MAVEN is short for „Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission“.
Human explorers will need to use spacesuits on Mars‘ surface. The low pressure would kill them in a fraction of a second without something to provide an inward pressure on their bodies. Explorers will also need to contend with temperatures that are way below the freezing point of water even during the day and have enough shielding to block the abundant ultraviolet light from the Sun.
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